Melanoma: challenges in prevention, diagnosis and nursing care in Goiás

Abstract

Melanoma: Challenges in Prevention, Diagnosis, and Nursing Care in Goiás

INTRODUCTION: Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer, with high metastatic potential. Its incidence has been increasing and represents a significant public health problem, especially in regions with high sun exposure, such as Goiás. Therefore, it is essential to understand the role of healthcare professionals in early detection and comprehensive care, aiming to reduce morbidity and mortality and improve patients' quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the incidence, risk factors, and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma, highlighting the importance of prevention and monitoring in nursing practice. METHODS: This is a descriptive, qualitative study based on secondary data from official registries, such as INCA and SES-GO, in addition to an integrative review of the literature indexed in the BVS Saúde (Health VHL), addressing risk factors, diagnosis, and management of melanoma. RESULTS: INCA estimates (2023–2025) indicate an incidence of 4.18 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in Goiás, higher in women (6.30) than in men (2.01). The most affected age group is 60 to 69 years. Five-year survival exceeds 90% in early cases but drops to less than 50% in advanced tumors. Despite the higher incidence in women, mortality is higher among elderly and fair-skinned men. CONCLUSION: The increase in melanoma in Goiás requires effective prevention strategies, early diagnosis, and timely treatment. Educational campaigns, expanded access to dermatology, and encouraging photoprotection are essential for controlling the disease and reducing mortality.