ISSN: 2595-6906 Ipê is a scientific journal focused on technical and scientific productions of agrarian sciences, with a semestral character with blind arbitration by peers, edited by the Agronomy Course and published by the Faculdade Evangélica de Goianésia, aimed at the dissemination of studies and researches that contribute to the development of areas in which they are inserted. It is intended for the dissemination of original technical and scientific works, unpublished, resulting from scientific research. It is open to receive works of researchers from research, teaching and extension institutions in Brazil and the world. Its mission is to publish scientific-technical articles and original technical quality notes not submitted to another periodical, involving new researches and new technologies of interest.
Curso de Agronomia - UNIEGO - UniEvangélica
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IP� AGRONOMIC JOURNAL IS A SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, OF SEMIANNUAL CHARACTER WITH BLIND ARBITRATION BY PEERS, PUBLISHED BY THE AGRONOMY COURSE OF THE EVANGELICAL COLLEGE OF GOIAN�SIA, AIMED AT THE DISSEMINATION OF STUDIES AND RESEARCH THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AREAS IN WHICH THEY ARE INSERTED. IT IS INTENDED FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF ORIGINAL TECHNICAL-SCIENTIFIC WORKS, UNPUBLISHED, RESULTING FROM SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCOPE. IT IS OPEN TO RECEIVING WORKS BY RESEARCHERS FROM RESEARCH, TEACHING AND EXTENSION INSTITUTIONS IN BRAZIL AND THE WORLD. ITS MISSION IS TO PUBLISH SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL ARTICLES AND ORIGINAL QUALITY TECHNICAL NOTES, INVOLVING NEW RESEARCH AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF INTEREST. &NBSP; FOLLOWING THE TREND OF SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS AROUND THE WORLD, THIS JOURNAL ANNOUNCES THAT IT WILL CHANGE ITS EDITORIAL LINE FROM "PERIODIC PUBLICATION" TO "PUBLICATION CONTINUES". THIS CHANGE WILL BRING MORE AGILITY TO THE EDITORIAL PROCESS, ESPECIALLY IN THE PUBLICATION STAGE OF ACCEPTED PAPERS. IN THE CONTINUOUS PUBLICATION MODEL, THE NEED FOR ALL ARTICLES TO BE FINALIZED BEFORE PUBLICATION OF THE EDITION IS ELIMINATED, THAT IS, AS THE EDITORIAL PROCESS OF AN ARTICLE IS COMPLETED, IT WILL ALREADY BE PUBLISHED IMMEDIATELY. AND THE FULL EDITION WILL BE CLOSED AT THE END OF THE PERIOD. THE JOURNAL CONTINUES TO VALUE THE QUALITY OF THE REVIEW PROCESS, WHICH WILL NOT BE ALTERED, AND THE DOUBLE BLIND REVIEW BY RELIABLE PEERS REMAINS BLIND, WITHOUT CONFLICTS OF INTEREST WITH THE STUDIES THEY EVALUATE.
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FIELD GERMINATION OF GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERR. (FABACEAE) OF THE CULTIVARS M7739 I PRO AND M7110 I PRO
WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF EVALUATING SEED FIELD GERMINATION AT EMERGENCE, IN THE VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SOYBEAN PLANTS, THE EXPERIMENT WAS CONDUCTED DURING THE 2016 AGRICULTURAL YEAR, IN SILV�NIA, GO. SOYBEAN SEED LOTS OF THE M7739 I PRO AND M7110 I PRO CULTIVARS WITH MARKETABLE STANDARDS WERE USED. FOR THE SOWING OF LOTS IN THE FIELD, THE AMOUNT OF SEEDS FOR CORRECTION WAS CALCULATED WITH THE GERMINATION DATA, AIMING TO OBTAIN A POPULATION OF PLANTS PER HECTARE, WITH A SPACING OF 10 CM BETWEEN ROWS. THE EVALUATED CHARACTERISTICS, IN THE FIELD, WERE THE EMERGENCE SPEED INDEX, THE TOTAL EMERGENCE. THE PLANTS THAT MANAGED TO FORM FROM BATCHES WERE VIGOROUS AND, UNDER FAVORABLE CLIMATE AND MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS, DUE TO THE GREATER SPACE PER PLANT, PRODUCED MORE PODS PER PLANT, RESULTING IN GREATER PRODUCTION PER PLANT AND THIS LED THEM TO MATCH IN PRODUCTIVITY TO THOSE OF THE OTHER VIGOR LEVELS.
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LEAF PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF JUSTICIA NODICAULIS (NEES) LEONARD (ACANTHACEAE) OCCURRING IN CERRADO GOIANO
THE ACANTHACEAE FAMILY HAS AN AVERAGE OF 240 GENERA AND 3,240 SPECIES DISTRIBUTED IN A PANTROPICAL WAY, AMONG THIS FAMILY, THE GENUS JUSTICIA, DIFFERS BY BEING THE LARGEST, WITH 900 REGISTERED SPECIES. IN POPULAR MEDICINE, THROUGH ETHNOBOTANICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL RECORDS, IT CAN BE IDENTIFIED THAT THIS GENUS CONTRIBUTES ABUNDANTLY IN THE USE AMONG POPULATIONS AND HAS A GREAT ETHNOBOTANICAL INTEREST, AMONG THE MOST COMMON PHYTOCHEMICALS IN THE GENUS JUSTICIA, THE PRESENCE OF LIGNANS, FLAVONOIDS, TERPENOIDS AND ALKALOIDS, WHICH ARE OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IN PHARMACOLOGY, THE SPECIES JUSTICIA NODICAULIS (NEES) LEONARD, ENCOMPASSES ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE CERRADO OF GOI�S, HAVING PREDOMINANTLY OPPOSITE, SIMPLE, LANCEOLATE LEAVES AND WAVY MARGINS. IN THIS STUDY, THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO OBSERVE AND RECORD THE MAIN CLASSES OF SECONDARY METABOLITES OF THE LEAF STRUCTURES OF THE SPECIES JUSTICIA NODICAULIS OCCURRING IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION AREA AT THE EXPERIMENTAL UNIT OF THE CENTRO UNIVERSITÁRIO DE ANÁPOLIS - GO, THUS PROPOSING A RECORD CONTRIBUTION TO THE RESEARCH OF FAMILY ACANTHACEAE, WITH REGARD TO THE COLLECTION METHODOLOGY, PORTIONS OF YOUNG LEAVES (SMALLER SIZE RATIO) AND ADULTS (LARGER SIZE RATIO) WERE GATHERED, PREFERABLY BEING EXTRACTED DESCENDING FROM THE THIRD NODE, IDENTIFIED JUST BELOW THE END OF THE SPECIMEN, SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED FROM 10 SPECIMENS OF J. NODICAULIS IN EACH GROUP ALONG THE STREAM IN THE EXPERIMENTAL AREA OF THE CENTRO UNIVERSITÁRIO DE ANÁPOLIS. MATERIALS THAT WERE ACQUIRED WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF CARRYING OUT THE PHYTOCHEMICAL PROSPECTION, AS WELL AS THE SURVEY OF ESSENTIAL OILS, THE LEAVES WERE AIR-DRIED FOR SEVEN DAYS UNTIL CONSTANT WEIGHT. TO OBTAIN A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MOST COMMON SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE SPECIES, METHODOLOGIES DESCRIBED IN THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCIENCE LITERATURE WERE USED. AMONG THE RESULTS, COUMARINS, TANNINS, ANTHRAQUINONE HETEROSIDES, FLAVONOIDS, CARDIOACTIVES AND SAPONINS WERE OBTAINED IN YOUNG AND ADULT LEAVES. AMONG THE SURVEY OF ESSENTIAL OILS, 49 MORE FREQUENT MEMBERS OF THE ANALYZED LITERATURE WERE OBTAINED. THE ETHNOBOTANICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF THIS GENUS IS INCALCULABLE, THIS STUDY WILL CONTRIBUTE TO FUTURE RESEARCH, IN VIEW OF THE ABUNDANCE OF THE GENUS JUSTICIA IN THE CERRADO OF GOI�S, IT WILL STILL BE NECESSARY PHARMACOLOGICAL ANALYZES OF THE OTHER SPECIES FOR A COMPLETE SURVEY OF THE MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE.
ANÁLISE DE RISCO NA CADEIA DO AGRONEGÓCIO
ESTE TRABALHO TEM POR OBJETIVO DESCREVER E AVALIAR AS ESTRAT�GIAS DE PROTE��O AO RISCO PARA O PRODUTOR RURAL, NA CADEIA PRODUTIVA DO AGRONEGÓCIO. UTILIZANDO-SE DE UMA PESQUISA DOCUMENTAL E DE CAMPO, BUSCOU-SE ENTENDER OS MECANISMOS DE PROTE��O AO PRE�O UTILIZADOS POR PRODUTORES RURAIS EM REGIONAL COM AMPLITUDE INTERNACIONAL COM VISTAS � ANÁLISE DO MERCADO FUTURO. AL�M DISSO, DESTACOU-SE OS FATORES DE RISCO NO AGRONEGÓCIO BEM COMO AS POL�TICAS DE INCENTIVO ADOTADAS PELO ESTADO DE GOI�S E, EM ESPEC�FICO NA AMOSTRAGEM REALIZADA COM PRODUTORES RURAIS NO MUNIC�PIO DE SILV�NIA, ESTADO DE GOI�S. AS GRANDES CORPORA��ES, EM N�VEL DE PLANEJAMENTO ESTRAT�GICO J� SEPARAM UMA PARTE SIGNIFICATIVA DE SEUS RECURSOS PARA O GERENCIAMENTO DE RISCO, NOS QUAIS SE DESTACAM: O MERCADO FUTURO E DE OP��ES. NO BRASIL, OS CONTRATOS FUTUROS E DE OP��ES SÃO NEGOCIADOS PELA BOLSA DE VALORES, MERCADORIAS E FUTUROS (BM&FBOVESPA). COM A EXPANS�O URBANA, A GLOBALIZA��O E A ALTA DEMANDA PELO MERCADO DAS COMMODITIES, O PRODUTOR TEM COMO DESAFIO UM MERCADO ALTAMENTE COMPETITIVO, RESPONS�VEL POR MOVIMENTAR BOA PARTE DO PRODUTO INTERNO BRUTO (PIB) DOS PA�SES E COMO A MAIORIA DAS COMMODITIES � COTADA EM DÓLAR, TORNAM OS RISCOS MAIS EXPRESSIVOS, J� QUE O PRODUTOR TEM QUE DEFENDER O PRE�O DE SEU PRODUTO E, CONSEQUENTEMENTE DA VARIA��O CAMBIAL, O QUE REFOR�A UMA BOA ESTRAT�GIA, SENDO O HEDGE A MAIS UTILIZADA, NO QUAL&NBSP; OBJETIVO NÃO � OBTER LUCRO E, SIM PROTEGER SUA POSI��O DAS POSS�VEIS VARIA��ES DO MERCADO. COM O OBJETIVO DE AVALIAR AS ESTRAT�GIAS DE PROTE��O NO PANORAMA NACIONAL FOI REALIZADA UMA PESQUISA DE CAR�TER EXPLORATÓRIO, BLIBLIOM�TRICA E ESTUDO DE CASO COM 24 PRODUTORES RURAIS DO MUNIC�PIO DE SILV�NIA NO ESTADO DE GOI�S, NO QUAL SE CONCENTRA A PRODUÇÃO DE SOJA. VERIFICOU-SE JUNTO A ESTES PRODUTORES A PERCEP��O RELACIONADA �S RESPOSTAS GERENCIAIS AO RISCO.&NBSP; DOS 24 PARTICIPANTES DA PESQUISA, 16 APONTARAM QUE UTILIZAM FINANCIAMENTO PARA CONSUMO DE INSUMOS AGR�COLAS, DENTRE ELES CUSTEIO AGR�COLA E MODALIDADE DE TROCA. QUANDO SE COLOCA A INDAGA��O DO MERCADO FUTURO MAJORITARIAMENTE, A RESPOSTA � QUE O MERCADO FUTURO � O PRE�O QUE O PRODUTO VAI ESTAR NOS ANOS POSTERIORES E ESTÁ RELACIONADO � PRODUÇÃO. DESTACA-SE UM DESCONHECIMENTO POR PARTE DOS PRODUTORES DAS ESTRAT�GIAS DE PROTE��O AO RISCO. &NBSP;
USO DE TRICHODERMA SPP. NA PROMOÇO DE CRESCIMENTO NA CULTURA DO ARROZ
A CULTURA DO ARROZ (ORYZA SATIVA L.) � A TERCEIRA MAIOR DO MUNDO E CONSTITUI A PRINCIPAL BASE ALIMENTAR DA POPULA��O MUNDIAL. PARA ATENDER ESTA DEMANDA, � NECESS�RIO O AUMENTO DA PRODUÇÃO ORIZ�COLA, TENDO-SE COMO ALTERNATIVA SUSTENT�VEL, O USO DE PRODUTOS BIOLÓGICOS PARA O AUMENTO DE PRODUTIVIDADE. O FUNGO TRICHODERMA SPP. TEM SIDO UTILIZADO EM V�RIAS CULTURAS COM FINS DE CONTRIBUIR EFETIVAMENTE NO CRESCIMENTO E DESENVOLVIMENTO DE PLANTAS. SENDO ASSIM, O OBJETIVO DO PRESENTE TRABALHO FOI AVALIAR A EFICI�NCIA DO USO DE TRICHODERMA SPP. PARA PROMO��O DE CRESCIMENTO NA CULTURA DO ARROZ. OS EXPERIMENTOS FORAM CONDUZIDOS NO LABORATÓRIO DE MICROBIOLOGIA E NO LABORATÓRIO DE SOLOS DO CENTRO UNIVERSITÁRIO DE ANÁPOLIS - UNIEVANG�LICA. FORAM UTILIZADOS UMA FORMULA��O COMERCIAL (TRICHODERMA ASPERELLUM) SOB DIFERENTES DOSAGENS E UM ISOLADO DE TRICHODERMA SPP. PROVENIENTE DE COLETAS DE SOLO E SUBMETIDO A T�CNICA DE DILUI��O SERIADA. O DELINEAMENTO EXPERIMENTAL UTILIZADO FOI BLOCOS INTEIRAMENTE CASUALIZADOS (DIC), CONSTITU�DO POR SEIS TRATAMENTOS E CINCO REPETI��ES: T1: TESTEMUNHA (�GUA), T2: T. ASPERELLUM TRATAMENTO DE SEMENTES (100 ML/100 L), T3: T. ASPERELLUM TRATAMENTO DE SEMENTES + PULVERIZA��O (30 ML/100 L), T4: T. ASPERELLUM TRATAMENTO DE SEMENTES + PULVERIZA��O (40 ML/100 L), T5: T. ASPERELLUM TRATAMENTO DE SEMENTES + PULVERIZA��O (50 ML/100 L), T6: T. ASPERELLUM TRATAMENTO DE SEMENTES + PULVERIZA��O (60 ML/100 L) E T7: ISOLADO DE TRICHODERMA SPP.&NBSP; PULVERIZADO. PLANTAS DE ARROZ CV. BRS PRIMAVERA FORAM SEMEADAS EM COPOS DESCART�VEIS E AS AVALIA��ES FORAM REALIZADAS APÓS 20 DIAS, ONDE FORAM OBSERVADAS AS SEGUINTES CARACTER�STICAS: COMPRIMENTO DA PARTE A�REA (CM), COMPRIMENTO DA RAIZ (CM), COMPRIMENTO TOTAL (CM) E AC�MULO DE BIOMASSA. OS DADOS OBTIDOS FORAM SUBMETIDOS AO TESTE DE TUKEY A 0,5% DE PROBABILIDADE
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SEEDS OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP (FABACEAE)
THE COWPEA, COWPEA, BEACH BEAN, BLACK-EYED PEA OR MACASSAR BEAN (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.) ORIGINATES IN THE AFRICAN PROVINCES, WITH INTRODUCTION TO BRAZIL IN THE 17TH CENTURY. DUE MAINLY TO ITS CHARACTERISTICS OF RUSTICITY AND PRECOCITY, IT IS CONSIDERED A PLANT THAT ADAPTS TO VARIED CLIMATE CONDITIONS, BEING WIDELY CULTIVATED IN THE BRAZILIAN NORTHEAST. THE STUDY AIMED TO CARRY OUT THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HISTOCHEMICAL TESTS ON COWPEA SEEDS, ANALYZING BOTH THEIR EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACES, THUS DETERMINING THEIR VIGOR IN THE LABORATORY TO LATER SUBSIDIZE PLANTINGS IN THE FIELD. THE EXPERIMENT WAS CARRIED OUT AT THE MICROSCOPY LABORATORY OF THE CENTRO UNIVERSITÁRIO DE ANÁPOLIS, ANÁPOLIS, GO. IN 100 VIABLE SEEDS WITH CHARACTERIZATION WITHOUT ARTIFACTS, THE DIAMETERS ARE BETWEEN 4 AND 2.5 WHILE THEIR LENGTH IS BETWEEN 7 AND 5.5. THE STUDIES CORROBORATE PREVIOUS STUDIES. THE SEED COMES FROM ANATROPOUS, BITEGMIC AND CRASSINUCELLATE OVULES. OVULE, IN LONGITUDINAL SECTION SHOWS OUTER AND INNER INTEGUMENTS AND NUCELLUS. IN THE REGION OF THE FUNICULUS, ABSENCE OF TRICHOMES. EXTERNAL INTEGUMENT OF THE OVULE, IN CROSS-SECTION, HAS FOUR TO FIVE LAYERS OF CELLS, WITH RECTANGULAR SHAPE, CONSPICUOUS NUCLEI AND THIN EXTERNAL CUTICLE. THE EVALUATION OF THE PRESENCE OR NOT OF ARTIFACTS, SUCH AS LESIONS IN THE SEED COAT CAN BE AN INDICATOR FOR FEASIBILITY STUDIES, SINCE DEPENDING ON THE LESION, THE VIGOR OF THE SEEDS, MAY CAUSE DIFFICULTIES IN THEIR GERMINATION AND, SUBSEQUENTLY, IN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE PLANT SPECIES. THE RESULTS ARE SIMILAR TO OTHER SPECIES BELONGING TO THE FABACEAE FAMILY, HOWEVER, RESEARCH WITH GREATER DETAIL IN MOLECULAR CHARACTERS IS REQUIRED FOR THE COWPEA CULTIVAR, COMPARED TO STUDIES ON COMMON BEAN.
DIFFERENT PLANTING DISC TECHNOLOGIES UNDER THREE ADVANCE SPEEDS
THERE ARE DIFFERENT DISCS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BRAZILIAN MARKET FOR SEED DISTRIBUTION IN THE FIELD, SO IT IS ESSENTIAL TO EVALUATE THEM AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS TO IDENTIFY THEIR PLANTABILITY CAPACITY. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO EVALUATE TWO TYPES OF DISCS (CONVENTIONAL AND GROUPED) FOR PLANTING UNDER THREE WORKING SPEEDS 4,3, 5.5 AND 7.2 KM H-1. THE DISTRIBUTION OF 16 SEEDS PER LINEAR METER WAS REGULATED, THAT IS, 16 SEEDS SPACED AT 0.0625 M FOR THE EQUIDISTANT SOWING DISC (90 HOLES - CONVENTIONAL) AND 16 SEEDS SPACED AT 0.25 M FOR THE GROUPED SOWING DISC (24 HOLES). IN A TOTAL DISTANCE OF 50 M IN LENGTH, ONLY THE CENTRAL 10 METERS OF EACH EXPERIMENTAL UNIT WERE CONSIDERED AS USEFUL PLOTS. THE DATA WERE ANALYZED, ACCORDING TO ABNT (1994), IN ACCEPTABLE, FLAWED AND MULTIPLE DISTRIBUTION. THE RESULTS REFERRING TO DISTRIBUTION REGULARITY (AVERAGE NUMBER OF SEEDS EVERY 10 METERS) FOR THE TWO TYPES OF DISKS EVALUATED WERE ALSO COUNTED. THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE INDICATED A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE FOR THE INTERACTION OF THE FACTORS: DISKS AND VELOCITIES, IN ALL ANALYZED VARIABLES. REGARDLESS OF THE TYPE OF DISK USED IN SOWING, 4.3 KM H-1 WAS THE SPEED THAT PRESENTED THE BEST TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY, GIVEN BY THE SMALLER DISTRIBUTION OF FLAWS AND MULTIPLES, ASSOCIATED WITH THE HIGHEST ACCEPTABLE DISTRIBUTION, RESULTING IN 16 SEEDS DISTRIBUTED PER LINEAR METER. HOWEVER, AT SPEEDS OF 5.5 AND 7.2 KM H-1, ONLY THE 90-HOLE DISC SHOWED A DISTRIBUTION CLOSE TO THE REGULATED ONE. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT WITH THE INCREASE IN THE SPEED OF THE MECHANIZED TRACTOR-SEEDER SET, THERE WAS A REDUCTION IN ACCEPTABLE SPACES, INCREASING THE NUMBER OF FLAWS AND MULTIPLES, AS WELL AS A REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF SEEDS PER LINEAR METER.
INSPECTION OF HYDRAULIC SPRAYERS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SILVÂNIA-GO
AN IMPORTANT STEP TO AVOID A DROP IN PRODUCTIVITY IS THE SPRAYING OF PESTICIDES TO CONTROL PESTS AND DISEASES. AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES ARE GENERALLY HIGH-COST PRODUCTS THAT CAN POSE A RISK TO THE ENVIRONMENT, THEREFORE, FOR A CORRECT APPLICATION, WITH LOW RISK OF CONTAMINATION AND PRODUCT LOSS, IT IS NECESSARY THAT THE SPRAYERS ARE IN PERFECT CONDITIONS OF USE. THIS WORK AIMED TO INSPECT HYDRAULIC SPRAYERS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SILV�NIA, GOI�S. QUESTIONNAIRES WERE APPLIED TO EVALUATE THE WORKFORCE AND SPRAYERS USED IN THIS MUNICIPALITY. THE ITEMS EVALUATED IN THE SPRAYER WERE RELATED TO ITS CORRECT FUNCTIONING, SUCH AS PRESSURE GAUGE, SPRAY TANK, HOSES, FILTERS, TIPS AND NOZZLE SPACING. IN RELATION TO THE WORKFORCE, ITEMS THAT DEMONSTRATE THEIR QUALIFICATION REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES WERE EVALUATED. SPRAYERS COULD BE CLASSIFIED AS BAD, FAIR, GOOD, VERY GOOD OR EXCELLENT, ACCORDING TO THE GRADE THEY RECEIVED AT THE END OF THE INSPECTION. IT WAS NOTED THAT THERE IS A LACK OF TRAINING OF THE WORKFORCE TO APPLY PESTICIDES IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SILV�NIA, GOI�S. MOST OF THE SPRAYERS INSPECTED WERE QUALIFIED BETWEEN �€ŒREGULAR�€ AND �€ŒGOOD�€, WHICH REFLECTS THE WRONG USE OF PESTICIDES.
DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN THE CONTROL OF MINADOR FLY (LIRIOMYZA HUIDOBRENSIS) IN TOMATO CROPS
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF LIRIOMYZA HUIDOBRENSIS CONTROL IN TOMATO USING DIFFERENT INSECTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS. THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN USED WAS THE COMPLETE RANDOMIZED DESIGN (DIC), CONSISTING OF SIX TREATMENTS WITH FOUR REPLICATIONS, EACH CONSISTING OF ONE PLANT. THE TREATMENTS CONSISTED OF: T1: WITNESS; T2: PIRATE�® (CHLORFENAPIR 40 ML 100L-1); T3: TRACER�® (SPINOSAD 15 ML 100L-1), T4: FASTAC�® 100 (ALPHA-CYPERMETHRIN 10 ML 100L-1); T5: TRACER�® (ESPINOSADE 15 ML 100L-1) + PIRATE�® (CHLORFENAPYR 40 ML 100L-1) AND T6: TRACER�® (ESPINOSADE 15 ML 100L-1) + FASTAC�® 100 (ALPHA-CYPERMETHRIN 10 ML 100L-1). THE EXPERIMENT WAS CARRIED OUT IN 12 KG POTS CONTAINING SOIL COLLECTED BY EMATER. AS FERTILIZER, IT USES A BASE OF 4-14-8, IN 300 KG HA-1, WITH APPLICATION OF TOP DRESSING AFTER 30 DAYS OF TRANSPLANTING, WITH INTERVALS OF 7 TO 14 DAYS. THE VARIETY USED IN THE SAKATA GROUP'S GRAZIANNI EXPERIMENT. AFTER 30 DAYS OF EMERGENCE, THE SEEDLINGS WERE TRANSPLANTED. THE BEGINNING OF THE APPLICATION OF THE FORMULATED PROCESSES AFTER THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST ADULTS OF THE LEAF MINER WITH APPLICATION INTERVALS OF 7 DAYS, TOTALING 3 APPLICATIONS. THE EVALUATIONS WERE CARRIED OUT ONE DAY BEFORE THE FIRST APPLICATION AND SEVEN DAYS AFTER EACH APPLICATION. TREATMENTS THAT DID NOT CONTAIN TRACER�® (15 ML 100L-1) HAD LOW DISSIPATION OR NO DIFFERENCE IN REDUCTION IN LEAF MINER ATTACK SYMPTOMS AT THE END OF THE EVALUATIONS. TREATMENTS T6 AND T3 COMPOSED OF, RESPECTIVELY, TRACER�® (15 ML 100L-1) + FASTAC�® 100 (10 ML 100L-1) AND TRACER�® (15 ML 100L-1) SHOWED A REDUCTION OF 53.25% BY T6 AND 32.91% BY T3 IN RELATION TO THE NUMBER OF SYMPTOMS IN THE LEAF MINER ATTACK COMPARED TO THE CONTROL AT THE END OF THE EVALUATIONS, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE COMPOUND TRACER�® (15 ML 100L-1) + FASTAC�® 100 (10 ML 100L-1) CAN BE USED AS A NON-SELECTION RESISTANCE MEASURE.
Felipe Augusto Balbino de Almeida Vieira
FLORA OF CERRADO- ACANTHACEAES: TAXONOMY AND POTENTIAL USE
ACANTHACEAE SPECIES OCCUR ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY IN THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS WITH DISTRIBUTION IN FIVE CENTERS OF DIVERSITY AND RICHNESS: INDOMONASIA, ASIA, TROPICAL AFRICA AND MADAGASCAR, AND THE AMERICAS INCLUDING THE ANDES AND BRAZIL. IN BRAZIL, APPROXIMATELY 40 GENERA AND 500 SPECIES OCCUR IN BOTH OPEN AND FOREST AREAS. MOST OCCURRING IN THE FOREST FORMATIONS OF THE SOUTHEAST AND CENTER-WEST, MAINLY IN THE DRY FORESTS. THE TWO NEOTROPICAL GENERA OF GREATER EXPRESSIVENESS ARE JUSTICIA, WITH 350 TO 600 SPECIES AND RUELLIA, PRESENTING ABOUT 250 SPECIES. SOME FLORETS WERE MADE, HOWEVER THE HIGHLIGHT IS FOR THE FLORA OF THE STATE OF SANTA CATARINA. ACANTHACEAE ARE DESCRIBED AS HERBS, SUB-SHRUBS, SHRUBS OR VINES, RARELY SPROUTING. LEAVES SIMPLE, ALMOST ALWAYS OPPOSITE, DECUSSATE, USUALLY WITH CYSTOLITHS, WITHOUT STIPULES. INFLORESCENCES RACEMES, CIMOSAS, SPIKES, UMBELS, CHAPTERS, THIRSI, PANICLES OR SOLITARY FLOWERS, USUALLY WITH 1 BRACT AND 2 BRACTOLAS PER FLOWER, FOLIACEAE OR PETALOIDS, SOMETIMES COVERING THE COROLLA TUBE. HERMAPHRODITE FLOWERS, ZYGOMORPHS. THE FLORAL MORPHOLOGY FOR THE ACANTHACEAE TAXA WAS UNIFORM. THE MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF THE SPECIES WAS POSSIBLE BY ANALYZING THE TYPE OF INFLORESCENCE, FOLIAR MORPHOLOGY, AND THE STRIKING FEATURE OF THE GENUS JUSTICIA, CHARACTERIZED BY INFLORESCENCE WITH FLOWERS ON TOPS (OR SOMETIMES SOLITARY) SUBTENDED BY A LARGE BRACTEOUS AND FOLIACEOUS WITH WELL MARKED VEINS . FOR BETTER DELIMITATION OF INFRA-SPECIFIC TAXA ANATOMICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC STUDIES SHOULD BE PERFORMED.
INSECTICIDES IN THE CONTROL OF THE BROWN BED OF THE SOY IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK WAS TO VERIFY THE EFFICACY OF THE APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES IN BROWN BEDBUG IN SOYBEAN CROP UNDER LABORATORY&NBSP;CONDITIONS. THE&NBSP;EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN USED WAS IN COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED BLOCKS WITH SIX TREATMENTS AND FIVE REPLICATES, FIVE INSECTS FOR EACH REPLICATION. THE TREATMENTS ARE COMPOSED OF: T1: CONTROL; T2: IMIDACLOPRID + BIFENTRIN (300 ML HA-1), T3: IMIDACLOPRID + BIFENTRIN (150 ML HA-1), T4: ZETA-CYPERMETHRIN + BIFENTRIN (200 ML HA-1), T 5: ZETA-CIPERMETHRIN + BIFENTRIN ( 100 ML HA-1), T6: IMIDACLOPRID + BIFENTRIN ( 150 ML HA-1) + ZETA-CIPERMETHRIN + BIFENTRIN ( 100 ML HA-1). 5 μL OF SOLUTION WAS APPLIED TO EACH TREATMENT ON THE BACK OF EACH INDIVIDUAL, THEN THE INSECTS WERE PLACED IN CAGES. THE EVALUATIONS WERE PERFORMED FOR 14 DAYS, AT 24-HOUR INTERVALS, INVESTIGATING THE NUMBER OF DEAD AND LIVING INDIVIDUALS OF EACH TREATMENT. ALL TREATMENTS IN THE CONTROL OF BROWN BEDBUG, IN THE EVALUATION OF BEHAVIOR AND COMPARISON OF MORTALITY CURVES OVER 14 DAYS AFTER APPLICATION, A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE FROM THE CONTROL WAS OBSERVED, WITH MORTALITY GREATER THAN 90%. TREATMENTS WITH IMIDACLOPRID + BIFENTRIN (150 ML HA-1) + ZETA-CYPERMETHRIN + BIFENTRIN (100 ML HA-1) AND ZETA-CYPERMETHRIN + BIFENTRIN (200 ML HA-1) PROVED TO BE EFFICIENT IN CONTROLLING BROWN BEDBUG, WHEN THE TIME OF CONTROL OF THE POST-TREATMENT INSECTS WAS EVALUATED, WHICH REACHED MORE THAN 76% OF MORTALITY WITH TWO DAYS, AND THE USE IN CHEMICAL CONTROL WAS SATISFACTORY.
PHYSICAL-HYDRIC ATTRIBUTES IN CERRADO SOIL: A REVIEW
IN ORDER TO GENERATE INDICES CAPABLE OF INDICATING THE EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, SOIL QUALITY ASSESSMENT MODELS ARE NEEDED. THE PHYSICAL PARAMETERS, IN TERMS OF ANALYSIS COMPARED TO OTHER METHODS, ARE RELATIVELY EASIER AND THEREFORE CONSIDERED IMPORTANT FOR DETERMINING SOIL QUALITY. THE MOST RELEVANT STUDIES PUBLISHED IN THE LAST 30 YEARS WERE ANALYZED IN ORDER TO SELECT RESEARCHES WITH THE GREATEST SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE REGARDING THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PHYSICAL-HYDRIC ATTRIBUTES OF THE CERRADO SOIL AND THE POSSIBLE ALTERATIONS OF THESE UNDER DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. AMONG THE PHYSICAL AND WATER ATTRIBUTES ANALYZED, ONLY THE BULK DENSITY OF THE SOIL AND MICROPOROSITY WERE MODIFIED. FINALLY, ONLY THE L-PD AND ILP MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WERE THE ONES THAT BROUGHT THE GREATEST BENEFITS OF THE PHYSICAL-WATER ATTRIBUTES OF THE SOIL. THE BIGGEST ALTERATIONS IN THE PHYSICAL-HYDRIC ATTRIBUTES OF THE SOIL OCCURRED IN AN AREA UNDER NO-TILLAGE SYSTEM AND IN AREAS OCCUPIED BY DEGRADED PASTURE. THE TRAMPLING OF ANIMALS IN AREAS OF DEGRADED PASTURE OR IN AN AREA UNDER CULTIVATED PASTURE, AS WELL AS IN AN AREA OF �€‹�€‹NATIVE CERRADO GRAZED, PROMOTED MORE SEVERE ALTERATIONS IN THE PHYSICAL-HYDRIC ATTRIBUTES OF THE 5 TO 10 CM LAYER. NO-TILLAGE AND THE USE OF CULTIVATED PASTURES PROMOTED CHANGES IN THE PHYSICAL AND WATER CONDITIONS OF SOIL WHOSE TEXTURE IS SANDY LOAM, THUS INCREASING ITS WATER STORAGE CAPACITY, THUS DIVERGING FROM THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY OTHER AUTHORS.
PHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TABLE VINE CULTIVARS ON THE IAC 572 GRAFT HOLDER IN GOIÂNIA-GO
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK WAS TO CHARACTERIZE THE PHENOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR AND DETERMINE THE THERMAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE CULTIVARS BRS VITÓRIA, BRS N�BIA, NI�GARA ROSADA ON THE ROOTSTOCK IAC 572, 'JALES', IN THE 2018 HARVEST. AN EXPERIMENTAL AREA IS LOCATED AT THE COLLEGE OF AGRONOMY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF GOI�S, GOI�NIA-GO. THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WAS RANDOMIZED BLOCKS, WITH FIVE REPLICATIONS, WITH A SPACING OF 2.5 M BETWEEN ROWS AND 2.0 M BETWEEN PLANTS, IN A TRELLIS SYSTEM. FIVE PLANTS WERE RANDOMLY SELECTED AND EVALUATED FOR PHENOLOGICAL STAGES EVERY TWO DAYS. THE PHENOLOGICAL STAGES OBTAINED WERE BUDDING, FULL FLOWERING, PELLETS, PEAS, VERAISON AND HARVEST. IN THE PHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BRS N�BIA, THE PHASE WITH THE LONGEST DURATION AND THERMAL DEMAND WAS VERAISON TO HARVEST (VC), WITH THERMAL DEMAND OF 772.40 DEGREES DAY AND DURATION OF 49 DAYS, FOLLOWED BY THE PHASE THAT COMPRISES BUDDING TO FULL FLOWERING (B -PF) BEING ITS THERMAL REQUIREMENT OF 387.40 AND 37 DAYS. THE PHASE WITH THE SHORTEST DURATION AND THERMAL DEMAND WAS THE ONE FROM PELLETS TO PEAS (GC-GE), WITH ONLY 8 DAYS OF INTERVAL AND 101.60 DEGREES DAYS OF THERMAL DEMAND. A BRS VITÓRIA CULTIVAR IN THE PHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION, THE PHASE WITH THE HIGHEST THERMAL DEMAND AND DURATION, AS WELL AS BRS N�BIA, WAS FROM VERAISON TO HARVEST (V-C) WITH DURATION OF 36 DAYS AND 556.30 DEGREE OF THERMAL NEED, PHASE FOLLOWED BY PEAS GRAINS TO VERAISON (GE-V), WITH A THERMAL REQUIREMENT OF 396.4 DEGREES-DAY AND DURATION OF 30 DAYS. TO CULTIVAR PINK NIAGARA, THE PHASE WITH THE GREATEST THERMAL DEMAND WAS FROM PEAS TO VERAISON (GE-V) WITH THERMAL DEMAND OF 646.30 DEGREES-DAY, LASTING 47 DAYS, THE SECOND PHASE WITH THE GREATEST DURATION WAS FROM VERAISON TO HARVEST (VC) WITH 29 DAYS AND THERMAL REQUIREMENT OF 484 DEGREES-DAY. THE STAGE OF FULL FLOWERING FOR THE CHUMBINHOS GRAINS WAS THE SMALLEST THERMAL DEMAND WITH 111.40 DEGREES AND 11 DAYS. FOR THE BRS N�BIA CULTIVAR TO COMPLETE ITS CYCLE, THE THERMAL REQUIREMENT WAS 1841.11 DEGREES-DAY, WITH A PRODUCTIVE CYCLE, FROM PRUNING TO HARVEST OF 139 DAYS. BRS VITÓRIA PRESENTED A 127-DAY CYCLE AND THERMAL REQUIREMENT OF 1635.91 DEGREES-DAY FROM PRUNING TO HARVESTING. A CULTIVAR NIAGARA ROSADA SATISFACTION CYCLE 139 DAYS AND THERMAL REQUIREMENT OF 1841.11. THE THERMAL DURATION IS A GOOD INDICATOR OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHASES OF THE VINE CYCLE, IN THE 2018 HARVEST.
EMERGENCY AND INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CORN INOCULATED WITH AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE
DIAZOTROPHIC BACTERIA OF THE GENUS AZOSPIRILLUM PROMOTE PLANT GROWTH OF GRASSES SUCH AS CORN, BY INCREASING THE ROOT ABSORPTION SURFACE, PHYTOHORMONES PRODUCTION AND BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION. THIS WORK AIMED TO EVALUATE THE INOCULATION OF AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE AND ITS EFFECTS ON SEED GERMINATION AND INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF MAIZE SEEDLINGS. THE STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT AT EMATER'S EXPERIMENTAL STATION, IN THE CITY OF ANÁPOLIS, GO. THE EXPERIMENT WAS CARRIED OUT IN A RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN 3X2, WITH THREE VARIETIES, TWO TREATMENTS AND FIVE REPLICATIONS, CONSISTENT IN THE HYBRIDS KWS 8774 PRO3 (TRANSGENIC); ADV 9860 PRO2 (TRANSGENIC) AND TO CULTIVAR BANDEIRANTES (WITHOUT TRANSGENIC) AND INOCULATION WITH AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE STRAIN ABV5 AND ABV6. THE EXPERIMENTAL UNITS CONSISTED OF PLASTIC VASES, WHICH WERE DIVIDED INTO TWELVE EXPERIMENTAL PARCELS. EMERGENCE PERCENTAGE, EMERGENCE SPEED INDEX, MEAN GERMINATION TIME, MEAN EMERGENCE SPEED, PLANT FRESH AND DRY MASS, ROOT FRESH AND DRY MASS, ROOT AND PLANT LENGTH AND STEM DIAMETER WERE EVALUATED. THE COLLECTED DATA WERE TABULATED AND SUBJECTED TO ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ANOVA AND COMPARISON OF MEANS BY TUKEY TEST AT 5% PROBABILITY PERFORMED BY THE SISVAR�® SOFTWARE. INOCULATION WITH AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE IS EFFICIENT AGAINST THE CORN HYBRIDS USED. THE PRESENCE OF DIFFERENT SEED TECHNOLOGIES DID NOT HAVE A DECISIVE INFLUENCE ON THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANT AGAINST INOCULATION. FOR JULY PLANTING, INOCULATION INFLUENCED THE PERFORMANCE IN THE PARAMETERS OF ROOT LENGTH, PLANT HEIGHT, STEM DIAMETER AND ROOT DRY MASS. FOR THE AUGUST PLANTING, INOCULATION INFLUENCED THE PERFORMANCE OF ROOT LENGTH, STEM DIAMETER, DRY MASS OF ROOT AND SHOOT. THE VARIATIONS OBSERVED WITH THE INOCULATION AZOSPIRILLUM BRASILENSE IN THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CORN SHOULD BE BETTER STUDIED FOR ITS ELUCIDATION.
ESSENTIAL OILS AND ISOLATED COMPOUNDS WITH ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT
IT IS REMARKABLE THAT ESSENTIAL OILS AND ISOLATED VOLATILE COMPOUNDS HAVE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES WITH HIGH PHARMACEUTICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, BIOTECHNOLOGICAL AND AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL. THIS STUDY AIMED TO EVALUATE ESSENTIAL OILS AND VOLATILE COMPOUNDS ISOLATED ON GROUPS OF GRAM-POSITIVE AND GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA, VERIFYING THEIR BACTERICIDAL EFFECT. THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF MYROCARPUS FASTIGIATUS AND CYMBOPOGON WINTERIANUS, AND THE ISOLATED COMPOUNDS ALDEHYDE C:8, CINNAMALDEHYDE, α-IONONE AND HEXYL CINNAMIC ALDEHYDE WERE OBTAINED AND DONATED BY THE LABORATORY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS OF THE JATA� FEDERAL UNIVERSITY, GOI�S, BRAZIL . THE ANTIBACTERIAL ASSAY WAS PERFORMED USING THE PAPER DISK DIFFUSION METHOD AND THE INHIBITION HALO DETERMINED IN MILLIMETERS (MM) FOR ESCHERICHIA COLI, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, SALMONELLA SEROVAR THYPHYMURIUM AND SEROVAR ENTERITIDIS, AND ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS. THE ESSENTIAL OILS SHOWED GOOD ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION, ALTHOUGH THE ISOLATED COMPOUNDS SHOWED GREATER BACTERICIDAL APTITUDE ON MOST TESTED BACTERIA. SALMONELLA SEROVAR THYPHYMURIUM AND SEROVAR ENTERITIDIS DEMONSTRATE RESISTANCE TO ESSENTIAL OILS AND ISOLATED COMPOUNDS. HOWEVER, THE OTHER BACTERIAL STRAINS SHOWED SENSITIVITY TO THE COMPLEX GROUPS OF PHYTOMOLECULES VERIFIED IN THIS STUDY. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT BOTH THE ESSENTIAL OILS AND THE ISOLATED VOLATILE COMPOUNDS TESTED, HAVE POTENTIAL PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL USE FOR THE STRAINS EVALUATED.
BEET GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY UNDER NITROGEN FERTILIZATION
OVER TIME THE ESTIMATE OF THE WORLD POPULATION TENDS TO INCREASE, CONSEQUENTLY THE DEMAND FOR FOOD AS WELL. BEEF IS ONE OF THE MOST CONSUMED FOODS IN THE WORLD, SO CATTLE RANCHERS ARE LOOKING FOR WAYS TO INTENSIFY WEIGHT GAIN IN BEEF CATTLE TO MITIGATE PRODUCTION. THE USE OF INJECTABLE AMINO ACID AIMS TO CORRECT THE NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES OF ANIMAL FEED BY INCREASING ITS WEIGHT GAIN. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO EVALUATE WEIGHT GAIN IN NELLORE CATTLE AS A RESULT OF THE USE OF AN INJECTABLE AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENT. THE EXPERIMENT WAS CARRIED OUT AT FAZENDA RECANTO, IN THE STATE OF GOI�S, FROM OCTOBER TO NOVEMBER 2020. 60 RING-BRED ANIMALS WERE USED, DIVIDED INTO TWO BATCHES OF 30 ANIMALS EACH, ANIMALS FROM BATCH 1 RECEIVED THE TREATMENT WITH THE INJECTABLE AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENT. WHILE IN LOT 2 THE ANIMALS REMAINED AS A CONTROL, WITH THE SOLUTION NOT BEING APPLIED, ALL 60 ANIMALS WERE TAKEN TO THE PADDOCKS WITH BRACHI�RIA DECUMBENS PASTURE, WHERE PROTEIN MINERAL SALT WAS AVAILABLE IN A COVERED TROUGH. GIVING THE AVAILABILITY TO EVALUATE THE SOLUTION OF AMINO ACIDS IN THE ANIMALS UNDER THE SAME CONDITIONS. INITIAL BODY WEIGHT, WEIGHT GAIN AND AVERAGE DAILY GAIN WERE EVALUATED, THE RESULTS OF WEIGHT GAIN AND AVERAGE DAILY GAIN HAD A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO LOTS, THE ANIMALS IN LOT 1 (SUPPLEMENT) HAD A WEIGHT GAIN TOTAL OF 59.56 KG AND THE AVERAGE DAILY GAIN WAS 1.191 KG, WHILE IN BATCH 2 (TESTEMUHA) THEY HAD A TOTAL WEIGHT GAIN OF 29.2 KG AND THE AVERAGE DAILY GAIN WAS 0.584 KG. THEREFORE, THE APPLICATION OF THE AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENT INJECTABLE IN NELLORE CATTLE IMPROVED THE PERFORMANCE AND WEIGHT GAIN OF THE ANIMALS. KEY-WORDS: BEEF CATTLE; WEIGHT GAIN; BODY WEIGHT; SUPPLEMENT.
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WEIGHT GAIN IN CATTLE OF THE NELORE BREED AS A FUNCTION OF THE USE OF INJECTABLE AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENT
BEETROOT IS ONE OF THE MAIN TUBEROUS VEGETABLES TO BE GROWN IN BRAZIL, WITH REGARD TO ECONOMIC VALUE ITS ROOTS ADD TO PRODUCTION. FERTILIZATION BY NITROGEN SOURCES REPRESENT GREAT IMPORTANCE IN THE QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF ROOTS OF THE CROP.THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO EVALUATE THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BEET CROP WHEN SUBMITTED TO FERTILIZATION USING DIFFERENT NITROGEN DOSES. THE STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF GOIAN�SIA - GO. THE TREATMENT USED WAS N DOSES (0, 50, 100, 150 AND 200 KG HA-1) WHERE THE LINEAR RESULT SHOWED BETTER PRODUCTIVITY IN THE APPLICATION OF DOSES OF 100 AND 200 KG HA-1. IT IS RECOMMENDED TO CARRY OUT NEW EXPERIMENTS, WITH HIGHER N DOSAGES AND ALSO FIELD STUDY, IN ORDER TO DETERMINE WHICH SHOULD BE APPLIED FOR HIGHER PLANT YIELDS. KEY WORDS: BETAVULGARIS L. NITROGEN DOSE. PRODUCTIVITY.
EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS IN FORAGE BEDS OF THE GENUS PANICUM
NITROGEN IS THE NUTRIENT MOST REQUIRED BY PLANTS, BEING THE MAIN ITEM FOR ACHIEVING HIGH YIELDS.&NBSP; IT IS OBJECTIVOR WITH THIS WORK TO EVALUATE THE STRUCTURAL AND PRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CULTIVARS BRS MOMBASA AND BRS ZURI SUBMITTED TO NITROGEN DOSES. THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN USED WAS IN RANDOMIZED BLOCKS, IN A 2 X 2 FACTORIAL SCHEME (TWO CULTIVARS AND TWO NITROGEN DOSES &NBSP;&NBSP;OF 200 AND 300 KG OF N HA-1),AND &NBSP;FOUR REPLICATIONS. FIVE CONSECUTIVE CUTS WERE PERFORMED DURING THE SUMMER. THE VARIABLES HUMERUS OF BYSONS(NP), LEAVES PER PERONANT (FPP), FRESHMASS (MF) AND DRY MASS (DM), TOTAL FRESH MASS PRODUCTION T HA-1 (MFT), TOTAL DRY MASS T HA-1 (MST) WEREEVALUATED. NTHE DOSAGE OF 200 KG N HA-1, IT ISOBSERVED, THAT THERE WAS NO DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN THE CULTIVARS MOMBASA AND ZURI. AT THE DOSAGE OF 300 KG N HA-1, IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIATION IN THE NUMBER OF LEAVES (NF). IN THE EVALUATION OF FRESH MASS (MF) AND TOTAL FRESH MASS T HA-1 (MFT)IN THE DOSAGE OF300 KG N HA-1 THE CULTIVAR ZURI WAS SUPERIOR TO CULTIVAR MOMBASA. THE EVALUATED CULTIVARS WERE POSITIVELY AFFECTED BY THE INCREASE IN NITROGEN DOSE. THE DOSE OF 300 KG N HA-1 PROMOTED HIGHER PRODUCTION IN CULTIVARS AND VARIABLES ANALYZED. THE CULTIVAR ZURI STOOD OUT FROM THE CULTIVAR MOMBASA IN G/M�² OF FRESH MASS (MF) AND TOTAL FRESH MASS T HA-1 (MFT).
USE OF BIOAGENTS IN THE SUPPRESSION OF MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA IN THE COMMON BEAN CULTURE
MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA CAUSES GRAY-STEM-ROT DISEASE IN COMMON BEAN CULTURE AND LEADS TO SIGNIFICANT GRAIN LOSSES DUE TO DIFFICULTIES IN CONTROL. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF USING TRICHODERMA AND RHIZOBACTERIA AS BIOAGENTS IN THE SUPPRESSION OF THE DISEASE IN THE COMMON BEAN CULTURE. THE EXPERIMENT WAS CARRIED OUT IN A SCREENED CONDITION AND A COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN WAS ADOPTED. SIX TREATMENTS WERE CARRIED OUT WITH EIGHT REPETITIONS. THE TREATMENTS CONSISTED OF: T1 - CONTROL; T2 - PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS; T3 - BURKHOLDERIA PYRROCINIA; T4 - BACILLUS SP.; T5 - TRICHODERMIL 1306�® AND T6 - RANCONA T�®. THE TREATMENTS WERE APPLIED VIA SEED AND LEAF SPRAY AT 14 AND 21 DAYS AFTER PLANTING. THE PHYTOPATHOGEN MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA WAS INOCULATED AT 21 DAYS AFTER PLANTING, USING THE TOOTHPICK METHOD. THE EVALUATION OF THE SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE AND THE AREA UNDER THE DISEASE PROGRESS CURVE WAS PERFORMED AT 1, 2, 4 AND 8 DAYS AFTER INOCULATION, USING A SCALE OF DESCRIPTIVE NOTES. THE EVALUATION OF GROWTH PROMOTION WAS CARRIED OUT AT 21 DAYS AFTER PLANTING. BEAN PLANTS THAT HAD SEED TREATMENT AND LEAF SPRAYING WITH RHIZOBACTERIA P. FLUORESCENS AND BACILLUS SP. STOOD OUT SIGNIFICANTLY, INCREASING SHOOT BIOMASS BY 46.73% AND 41.43%, RESPECTIVELY, COMPARED TO THE CONTROL. PLANTS TREATED VIA SEEDS AND FOLIAR SPRAY WITH THE RHIZOBACTERIUM BACILLUS SP. PRESENTED A LOWER SEVERITY INDEX OF THE DISEASE, WITH A SUPPRESSION OF 51.67% IN RELATION TO THE CONTROL. ACCORDING TO AREA UNDER THE DISEASE PROGRESS CURVE, THE TREATMENT THAT PRESENTED THE SMALLEST AREA WITH THE PRESENCE OF SICK PLANTS WAS THE TREATMENT WITH THE BACTERIUM BACILLUS SP. WITH 34.58%. ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OBTAINED, THE USE OF BACILLUS SP. AND TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM WERE EFFICIENT IN SUPPRESSING MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA IN COMMON BEAN CULTURE. THE USE OF PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS AND BACILLUS SP. ARE EFFICIENT IN PROMOTING AERIAL BIOMASS GROWTH.
FLORAL EXTRACT OF TIBOUCHINA GRANULOSA (DESR.) COGN. PHYTOCHEMISTRY PROSPECTION, AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
TIBOUCHINA GRANULOSA IS A SPECIES THAT BLOOMS ANNUALLY IN SEVERAL REGIONS OF BRAZIL. THIS SPECIES IS STILL LITTLE EXPLORED IN TERMS OF PHYTOCOMPOUNDS IN ALL ORGANS OF THIS PLANT, ESPECIALLY THE FLORAL ORGAN. FLOWERS OF T. GRANULOSA WERE COLLECTED IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF RIO VERDE, GOI�S, BRAZIL, IN 2021. THE HYDROETHANOLIC FLORAL EXTRACT WAS PREPARED BY MACERATION AND QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL (COLORIMETRIC REACTIONS AND SALT FORMATION) AND ANTIBACTERIAL ANALYZES PERFORMED AND THE RESULTS EXPRESSED IN MILLIMETERS OF INHIBITION AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS IN MG ML-1. SEVERAL PHYTOCHEMICAL CLASSES WERE OBSERVED WITH POSITIVE RESULTS, ESPECIALLY FOR ALKALOIDS, PHENOLICS, OXYLATES, SAPONINS, CARBOHYDRATES AND TANNINS. AS FOR THE BACTERIAL ASSAY, POTENTIAL ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY WAS OBSERVED FOR ALL BACTERIAL STRAINS TESTED, EXCEPT FOR SALMONELLA SEROVAR THYPHYMURIUM AND SEROVAR ENTERITIDIS. EXPRESSIVE INHIBITIONS WERE OBSERVED FOR ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS > PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA > STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI AT THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN 100-50 MG ML-1. THE FLORAL EXTRACT OF TIBOUCHINA GRANULOSA SHOWED PHYTOTHERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL WITH THE PRESENCE OF SEVERAL PHYTOCHEMICAL GROUPS AND EXPRESSIVE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY.
SEED SIZE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOY
THE FINAL PRODUCTIVITY OF CROPS IS INFLUENCED BY SEVERAL FACTORS, WITH THE QUALITY OF SEED DEPOSITED IN THE SOIL AT THE TIME OF SOWING ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK WAS TO EVALUATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT SIZES OF SOYBEAN SEEDS WITH THE GROWTH RATE OF THE AERIAL PART OF THE ROOT. THE WORK WAS CARRIED OUT IN VIANÓPOLIS, GOI�S. SOYBEAN SEEDS OF TWO COMMERCIAL VARIETIES, 8579 RSF IPRO AND 8473 RSF RR, WERE USED. THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WAS ARRANGED IN RANDOMIZED BLOCKS IN A 4X2 FACTORIAL SCHEME. TO COMPOSE THE TREATMENTS, FOUR DIFFERENT SIEVES WERE USED FOR EACH CULTIVAR, BEING 5.5 MM, 6.25 MM, 6.75 MM AND 7.0 MM. THE SEEDS WERE PLANTED IN SEQUENCE IN MASONRY BEDS, 1.1 M WIDE AND 10 M LONG. AT 14 DAYS AFTER PLANTING, SEEDLING HEIGHT (CM) AND ROOT LENGTH (CM) WERE EVALUATED. 10 PLANTS WERE MEASURED PER REPETITION. THE COLLECTED DATA WERE TABULATED AND SUBMITTED TO ANOVA ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND THE COMPARISON OF AVERAGES BY THE TUKEY TEST AT 5% PROBABILITY PERFORMED BY THE SISVAR�® SOFTWARE. THE SIZE OF THE SIEVE IN THE SOYBEAN INFLUENCES THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEEDLINGS AND THE LENGTH OF THE ROOT, BEING THAT THE LARGER SIEVES HAVE A SUPERIOR DEVELOPMENT TO THE SMALLER SIEVE. THE SPEED OF SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT AND ROOT SIZE ARE IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN OBTAINING A UNIFORM PLANT STAND IN THE FIELD, AND THIS ESTABLISHMENT IS BEST OBSERVED IN SEEDS WITH THE LARGEST SIEVE REGARDLESS OF THE CULTIVAR USED.
BIOAGENTS IN THE SUPPRESSION OF WITCHESÂ€™ BROOM AND PROMOTING GROWTH IN CACAUEIRO CULTURE
THE MAJOR PROBLEMS IN COCOA PRODUCTIVITY ARE THE ATTACK OF VARIOUS DISEASES, THE MAIN ONE BEING THE WITCHES�€™ BROOM, WHICH IS CAUSED BY THE FUNGUS MONILIOPHTHORA PERNICIOSA. THIS WORK AIMS TO EVALUATE THE SUPPRESSION OF WITCHES' BROOM DISEASE AND THE EVALUATION OF GROWTH PROMOTION IN COCOA SEEDLINGS WITH THE USE OF BIOAGENTS. THE EXPERIMENT WAS CONDUCTED IN A COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN, UNDER SCREEN CONDITIONS, WITH THE FOLLOWING TREATMENTS: T1- CONTROL; T2- TRICHODERMIL�® (TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM); T3- BACILLUS SP.; T4- BURKHOLDERIA PYRROCINIA. TWO TYPES OF APPLICATIONS WERE PERFORMED, ONE LEAF AND THE OTHER IRRIGATION, WHICH OCCURRED SIMULTANEOUSLY, TO ASSESS THE SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE, THE TREATMENTS WERE APPLIED AT 7, 14, 82 AND 90 DAYS AFTER PLANTING. IN THE RESULTS OBTAINED, ALL THE BIOAGENTS TESTED WERE CAPABLE OF THE DISEASE, IN ADDITION TO HAVING POTENTIAL IN PROMOTING PLANT GROWTH.
VOLUNTEER CORN CONTROL WITH DIFFERENT ACTIVE PRINCIPLES
THERE ARE SEVERAL COMPONENTS OF THE PROCESS THAT NEGATIVELY AFFECT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, WITH WEEDS BEING ONE OF THE MOST CRUCIAL ASPECTS. THE CULTIVATION OF RR SOYBEANS WITH THE PRESENCE OF RR MAIZE IS CONSIDERED A TECHNICAL PROBLEM. THE CORN SEEDS THAT RESIST ON THE SOIL GERMINATE IN THE SOYBEAN CULTURE, INFESTING IT AND FORMING AN INTERSPECIFIC CONFLICT. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK WAS TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF HERBICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY RR MAIZE, IN DIFFERENT DOSAGES AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT. THE EXPERIMENT WAS CARRIED OUT AT FAZENDA RIO DOS BOIS, SILV�NIA, GO. THE PERIOD OF CONDUCTION OF THE EXPERIMENT WAS BETWEEN THE MONTHS OF APRIL AND MAY OF 2020. AN AREA OF �€‹�€‹125 M�² WAS DIVIDED, DIVIDED INTO FIVE BEDS WITH 25 M�², CONTAINING 50 CM OF SPACING BETWEEN LINES, 3.0 SEEDS M-1 LINEAR-1. THE CULTIVAR USED WAS THE HYBRID CORN 2B433PW FROM BREVANT�®, PLANTING WAS CARRIED OUT ON 20/04/2020. THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WAS COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED BLOCKS WITH FOUR TREATMENTS AND FOUR REPLICATIONS, USING HERBICIDES TO CONTROL VOLUNTARY CORN. FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS, CONTROL LEVELS (CONCEPTS) WERE DEFINED ACCORDING TO THE CONTROL EFFICIENCY RANGES, USING THE SCALE PROPOSED BY THE ASOCIACIÓN LATINOAMERICANA DE MALEZAS. IN THE THIRD EVALUATION MADE 21 DAYS AFTER THE APPLICATIONS, IT WAS OBSERVED A GREATER CONTROL OF THE TREATMENT WITH CLORIMURON IN THE PRE-EMERGENCE, AND WITH HALOXYFOPE IN THE POST-EMERGENCE, BRINGING AN EXCELLENT CONTROL TO ALL THE TREATED PLANTS. ALL WERE VERY EFFECTIVE, BOTH THE PRE-EMERGENT HERBICIDES SUCH AS CORIMUROM AND DICLOSULAN, BOTH IN THE POST-EMERGENTS SUCH AS HALOXYFOPE AND CLETODIM. CLORIMUROM AND HALOXYFOPE PROVED TO BE MORE EFFICIENT IN RELATION TO THE RAPID DEATH OF PLANTS.
BIOCONTROLE OF MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA AND PROMOTING GROWTH IN SUNFLOWER CULTURE WITH THE USE OF TRICHODERMA SP. AND RHYDROBACTERIA
PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI INHABITING THE SOIL SUCH AS MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA ARE DIFFICULT TO CONTROL, MAINLY BECAUSE THEY FORM RESISTANCE STRUCTURES. AS IT IS A POLYPHAGOUS SPECIES, IT IS NECESSARY TO CARRY OUT STUDIES TO OBTAIN DIFFERENT EFFECTIVE FORMS OF CONTROL. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK WAS TO TEST THE EFFICIENCY OF BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISMS IN THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF M. PHASEOLINA, AND IN THE PROMOTION OF GROWTH TO THE SUNFLOWER CULTURE. THE PRESENT RESEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT IN TWO STAGES, ONE WITH AN IN VITRO TEST AND ANOTHER WITH AN IN VIVO TEST. THE IN VITRO TEST WAS CONDUCTED IN THE MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS LABORATORY AGROLAB, WHERE A CULTURE PAIRING TEST WAS PERFORMED WITH SIX TREATMENTS AND THREE REPLICATIONS, (T1 - TRICHODERMA SP. + PATHOGEN; T2 - BACILLUS SP. + PATHOGEN; T3 - B. PYRROCINIA + PATHOGEN; T4 - P. FLUORESCENS + PATHOGEN; T5 - B. SUBTILIS + PATHOGEN AND T6 - PATHOGEN ONLY), THE OCCURRENCE OF ANTIBIOSIS WAS EVALUATED AND THE MOST PROMISING ISOLATES WERE SELECTED FOR THE IN VIVO ASSAY. THE IN VIVO TEST WAS CARRIED OUT IN THE EXPERIMENTAL UNIT OF THE AGROLAB LABORATORY, IN 400 ML CONTAINERS, IN PROTECTED CULTIVATION, BEING CONDUCTED IN A COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN WITH FIVE TREATMENTS (T1 - CONTROL; T2 - TRICHODERMIL�®; T3 - TRICHODERMA SP.; T4 - B. PYRROCINIA AND T5 - B. SUBTILIS) IN EIGHT REPETITIONS. THE CAPACITY OF BIOAGENTS TO SUPPRESS THE SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE AND THEIR EFFICIENCY AS GROWTH PROMOTERS FOR SUNFLOWER CULTIVATION WERE EVALUATED. THE PARAMETERS EVALUATED IN THE GROWTH ANALYSIS WERE: ROOT LENGTH AND AERIAL PART AND, BIOMASS OF THE ROOT AND AERIAL PART. THE RESULTS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM BY THE F TEST (P <0.05). IN IN VITRO TESTS, THE ISOLATES OF TRICHODERMA SP., BACILLUS SUBTILIS AND B. PYRROCINIA REPORTED BETTER ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY WITH 10.93%, 10.26% AND 3.71% INHIBITION OF THE MYCELIAL GROWTH OF THE PATHOGEN, RESPECTIVELY. IN PROMOTING GROWTH, ALL TREATMENTS PROMOTED GREATER ROOT LENGTH AND INCREASED SHOOT BIOMASS. THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE LENGTH OF THE AERIAL PART IN RELATION TO THE CONTROL, AND THE ISOLATES OF B. SUBTILIS, B. PYRROCINIA AND TRICHODERMA SP. SHOWED HIGHER ROOT BIOMASS. IN THE SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE, TREATMENTS WITH B. SUBTILIS, B. PYRROCINIA, TRICHODERMA SP. AND TRICHODERMIL�®, PRESENTED 90.5%, 81.0%, 81.0% AND 62.5% OF PATHOGEN SUPPRESSION, RESPECTIVELY. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THESE MICROORGANISMS HAVE POTENTIAL AS GROWTH PROMOTERS AND BIOCONTROLLERS OF THE DISEASE, AND CAN BECOME A VIABLE TECHNIQUE TO BE INCLUDED IN INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT.
DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE SUBMITTED TO THE NITROGEN INSTALLMENT IN COVERAGE
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK WAS TO VERIFY THE RESULTS OF THE DIVISION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION WITH UREA IN THE CULTURE OF GRAIN CORN IN STAGES V4 AND V8. THE EXPERIMENT WAS CARRIED OUT ON THE PONTE ALTA FARM, IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF SILV�NIA-GO. THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ADOPTED WAS THAT OF RANDOMIZED BLOCKS, WITH FOUR TREATMENTS AND FOUR REPETITIONS, BEING: T1 - ZERO; T2 - UREA 100% V4; T3 - UREA 50% V4 AND 50% V8; T4 - UREA 100% V8. THE NUTRITIONAL DEMAND OF THE CROP WAS ESTABLISHED ACCORDING TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE SOIL BEING 261 KG HA-1 OF N. PLANT HEIGHT, STEM DIAMETER, GREEN MASS AND THE HEIGHT OF THE EAR INSERTION UNTIL FULL FLOWERING WERE EVALUATED. PRODUCTIVITY AT THE END OF THE EXPERIMENT. THE RESULTS WERE SUBJECTED TO ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, AND WHEN THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES, IDENTIFIED BY THE F TEST (P <0.05), THE TUKEY MEANS TEST WAS APPLIED, USING THE SISVAR STATISTICAL PROGRAM, VERSION 5.6. THE MAIZE RESPONDED POSITIVELY TO NITROGEN COVER FERTILIZATION, IN ALL STUDIED CHARACTERISTICS. IN THE CONDITIONS OF SOIL AND CLIMATE OF THE ANALYZED AREA, THE FERTILIZATION OF NITROGEN COVER FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CORN IS MORE EFFICIENT WHEN THE APPLICATION OF N IN COVER IS CARRIED OUT IN THE VEGETATIVE STAGE V4, PRODUCTIVELY RESEMBLING THE DOSE DIVIDED IN V4 AND V8. THE LATE TOTAL NITROGEN FERTILIZATION, IN V8, DOES NOT HAVE A POSITIVE EFFECT ON PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY.
PRODUCTIVE AND MORPH-PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF PEANUT CULTIVARS
STUDIES OF ADAPTABILITY, AGRONOMIC CHARACTERIZATION AND PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF PEANUTS, INCLUDING INFORMATION ON MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, MAKE IT A STRATEGY FOR CHOOSING THE BEST CULTIVAR. IN VIEW OF THE ABOVE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK WAS TO VERIFY THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT PEANUT CULTIVARS. IN JANUARY OF 2019 AN EXPERIMENT WAS INSTALLED IN THE PAULISTA AGRIBUSINESS TECHNOLOGY AGENCY, REGIONAL PAULISTA REGIONAL CAMP, LOCATED IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ADAMANTINA, STATE OF SÃO PAULO. THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WAS IN RANDOMIZED BLOCKS WITH SIX TREATMENTS, THAT IS, PEANUT CULTIVARS: TATU, SEMPER VERDE, OL3, OL5, 503 AND 505 AND WITH SIX REPLICATIONS TOTALING 36 PLOTS, WHERE EACH PLOT WAS COMPOSED OF THREE PLANTS. THE TATU CULTIVAR SHOWED LOW VALUES �€‹�€‹OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PRODUCTIVITY COMPARED TO OTHER CULTIVARS. THE CULTIVARS OL3, OL5, 503 AND 505 SHOWED HIGHER AVERAGES OF PRODUCTIVITY. GREAT GENETIC VARIABILITY WAS OBSERVED AMONG THE CULTIVARS EVALUATED IN THIS RESEARCH DUE TO THE RESULTS OBTAINED IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVITY VARIABLES.